النفخ في الطعام

الذي يحدث عندما ينفخ في الأكل لتبريده؟

صورة مجهرية لنوع من أنواع البكتريا اسمها Helicobacter pylori والتي تعيش في الفم وفي خروجها من الفم إلى الطعام يمكن أن تسبب عدة أمراض منها القرحة المعدية فالنفخ في الطعام والشراب أو إخراج النفس فيه عادة يومية يفعلها الإنسان دائما عندما يأكل أو يشرب شيئاً ساخناً بغرض تبريده، ولكنها للأسف عادة خاطئة جدا وقد تؤدي والعياذ بالله للإصابة بداء السكري أو إلتهاب الأغشية المبطنة للمعدة القرحة Ulcer) ).عن ابن عباس رضي الله عنه أنه صلى الله عليه وسلم نهى عن النفخ في الطعام والشراب. صحيح الجامع للسيوطي تخريج الألباني حديث صحيح.وقال صلى الله عليه وسلم (إذا شرب أحدكم فلا يتنفس في الإناء ) رواه البخاري(149).وفي هذا الحديث نهي للشارب أن يتنفس في الإناء الذي يشرب منه، سواء انفرد بالشرب من هذا الإناء، أو شاركه فيه غيره، وهذا من مكارم الأخلاق التي علمها النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم لأمته، لتترقى في مدارج الكمال الإنساني . قال الحافظ ابن حجر العسقلاني في فتح الباري: 'وهذا النهي للتأدب لإرادة المبالغة في النظافة، إذ قد يخرج مع النَّفَس بصاق أو مخاط أو بخار ردئ فيكسبه رائحة كريهة فيتقذر بها هو أو غيره من شربه' انتهى .. إذاً لا يختص بهذا الأدب من كان يشاركه في الإناء غيره، بل المنفرد بالإناء كذلك، فإنه لوقع في الشراب أو الطعام شيء مما يُستقذر فإنه سيستقذره، وإن كان من نفسه. وقال العلامة المناوي رحمه الله في 'فيض القدير '(6/346):'والنفخ في الطعام الحار يدل على العجلة الدالة على الشَّرَه وعدم الصبر وقلة المروءة' انتهى . وهذا النهي عن الأمرين للكراهة، فمن فعلهما أو أحدهما لا يأثم إلا أنه قد فاته أجر امتثال هذه التوجيهات النبوية، كما فاته أيضاً التأدب بهذا الأدب الرفيع الذي تحبه وترضاه النفوس الكاملة.أما من الجانب العلمي.. ففي الإنسان تعيش بكتيريا يكون عددها أكثر من عدد خلاياه ولكنها بفضل الله ورحمته نافعة للجسم وغير ضاره بحيث أنها تقوم بعمليات تنشيط التفاعلات الحيوية وأيضا تنشيط التفاعلات اللازمة للهضم.وتوجد بعض من هذه البكتيريا بالملايين في الفم، ونوع من هذه البكتيريا
كما هو موضح في الصورة التالية

شكل البكتيريا ومكان تواجدها بالمعدة ولكن تلك البكتيريا عند خروجها من الفم تكون ضاره بدرجة كفيلة أن تقتل ذلك الإنسان في بعض الأحيان وأن تصيبه بمرض خطير في أحيان أخرى.تقوم تلك البكتيريا عندما تخرج من الفم بواسطة النفخ بالتحوصل على الطعام الساخن حيث أن البكتيريا كائنات حساسة للحرارة فتقوم بحماية نفسها بالتحوصل ثم يتناول الإنسان ذلك الطعام حيث تتواجد البكتيريا فيه بشكل كبير جدا وتكون في أتم الاستعداد للدخول إلى داخل الجسم، تخيل كم مرة يقوم الإنسان بالنفخ في ذلك الطعام وكم هي كمية البكتيريا المتواجدة فيه! ثم يقوم الإنسان بتناول ذلك الطعام مع تلك البكتيريا المتحوصلة.تبدأ الرحلة من الفم ومن ثم المرئ إلى أن تصل إلى المعدة فتقوم تلك البكتيريا بالتنشيط و إفراز انزيم اليوريا Urease enzyme الذي يسبب التهاب الأغشية المبطنة للمعدة مسببا بذلك خرقا في الجدار حيث تبدأ المعدة بهضم نفسها وحدوث تآكل بجدار المعدة مما يؤدي إلى هضم المعدة لنفسها. آلية عمل البكتيريا وحدوث القرحة داخل المعدة أيضا تسبب تلك البكتيريا ضعفا في إفراز الأنسولين بالبنكرياس مما يؤدي إلى ارتفاع نسبة السكر بالدم وحدوث مرض السكري. وكما يقول المثل العربي بأن الوقاية خير من العلاج فإن الوقاية من ذلك كله تتمثل في الحفاظ على نظافة الفم واستعمال السواك أو الفرشاة والمعجون أو حتى المضمضة كما يحدث عند الوضوء

http://www.alsaha.com/sahat/12/topics/250517

عبارات أعجبتني

عبارات أعجبتني

لا تكن كقمة الجبل ..ترى الناس صغارا ويراها الناس صعيره

لا تبصق في البئر فقد تشرب منه يوما

ليس من الصعب أن تضحي من أجل صديق

ولكن من الصعب أن تجدالصديق الذي يستحق التضحية

الحياة مليئة بالحجارة فلا تتعثر بها بل إجمعها وابنِ بها سلما تصعد به نحو النجاحمن جنّ بالحب فهو عاقل ومن جنّ بغيره فهو مجنون

من احب الله رأى كل شىء جميلا

الصداقة كالمظلة كلما اشتد المطر كلما ازدادت الحاجة لها

كل شئ إذا كثر رخص إلا الأدب فإنه إذا كثر غلا

للصمت احيانا ضجيج..يطحن عظام الصمت

الضمير صوت هادئ..يخبرك بأن احدا ينظر اليك

أغار من كلماتي حينما أهديها لك **** فتعجبك كلماتي ولا اعجبك أنا

إن من أعظم أنواع التحدي أن تضحك والدموع تذرف من عينيك

أصدق الحزن .. ابتسامة في عيون دامعة

ليس العار في أن نسقط .. و لكن العار أن لا تستطيع النهوض

طعنة العدو تدمي الجسد وطعنة الصديق تدمي القلب

إنه من المخجل التعثر مرتين بالحجر نفسه

مشاعر إنسانية

Planets and Stars

Planets and Stars

THE SUN

A discussion of the objects in the solar system must start with the Sun. The Sun dwarfs the other bodies, representing approximately 99.86 percent of all the mass in the solar system; all of the planets, moons, asteroids, comets, dust and gas add up to only about 0.14 percent. This 0.14 percent represents the material left over from the Sun's formation. One hundred and nine Earths would be required to fit across the Sun's disk, and its interior could hold over 1.3 million Earths.
As a star, the Sun generates energy through the process of fusion. The temperature at the Sun's core is 15 million degrees Celsius (27 million degrees Fahrenheit), and the pressure there is 340 billion times Earth's air pressure at sea level. The Sun's surface temperature of 5,500 degrees Celsius (10,000 degrees Fahrenheit) seems almost chilly compared to its core-temperature. At the solar core, hydrogen can fuse into helium, producing energy. The Sun also produces a strong magnetic field and streams of charged particles, both extending far beyond the planets.
The Sun appears to have been active for 4.6 billion years and has enough fuel to go on for another five billion years or so. At the end of its life, the Sun will start to fuse helium into heavier elements and begin to swell up, ultimately growing so large that it will swallow Earth. After a billion years as a "red giant," it will suddenly collapse into a "white dwarf" -- the final end product of a star like ours. It may take a trillion years to cool off completely.
Many spacecraft have explored the Sun's environment, but none have gotten any closer to its surface than approximately two- thirds of the distance from Earth to the Sun. Pioneers 5-11, the Pioneer Venus Orbiter, Voyagers 1 and 2 and other spacecraft have all sampled the solar environment. The Ulysses spacecraft, launched on October 6, 1990, is a joint solar mission of NASA and the European Space Agency. On February 8, 1992, Ulysses flew close to Jupiter and used Jupiter's gravity to hurl it down below the plane of the planets. Although it was still a great distance from the Sun, Ulysses flew over the Sun's polar regions during 1994 and 1995 and performed a wide range of studies using nine onboard scientific instruments.
We are fortunate that the Sun is exactly the way it is. If it were different in almost any way, life would almost certainly never have developed on Earth.

EARTH

As viewed from space, our world's distinguishing characteristics are its blue waters, brown and green land masses and white clouds. We are enveloped by an ocean of air consisting of 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen and 1 percent other constituents. The only planet in the solar system known to harbor life, Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of 150 million kilometers (93 million miles). Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the fifth largest in the solar system, with a diameter just a few hundred kilometers larger than that of Venus.
Our planet's rapid spin and molten nickel-iron core give rise to an extensive magnetic field, which, along with the atmosphere, shields us from nearly all of the harmful radiation coming from the Sun and other stars. Earth's atmosphere protects us from meteors as well, most of which burn up before they can strike the surface. Active geological processes have left no evidence of the pelting Earth almost certainly received soon after it formed -- about 4.6 billion years ago. Along with the other newly formed planets, it was showered by space debris in the early days of the solar system.


From our journeys into space, we have learned much about our home planet. The first American satellite -- Explorer 1 -- was launched from Cape Canaveral in Florida on January 31, 1958, and discovered an intense radiation zone, now called the Van Allen radiation belts, surrounding Earth.
Since then, other research satellites have revealed that our planet's magnetic field is distorted into a tear-drop shape by the solar wind -- the stream of charged particles continuously ejected from the Sun. We've learned that the magnetic field does not fade off into space but has definite boundaries. And we now know that our wispy upper atmosphere, once believed calm and uneventful, seethes with activity -- swelling by day and contracting by night. Affected by changes in solar activity, the upper atmosphere contributes to weather and climate on Earth.
Besides affecting Earth's weather, solar activity gives rise to a dramatic visual phenomenon in our atmosphere. When charged particles from the solar wind become trapped in Earth's magnetic field, they collide with air molecules above our planet's magnetic poles. These air molecules then begin to glow and are known as the auroras or the northern and southern lights.
Satellites about 35,789 kilometers (22,238 miles) out in space play a major role in daily local weather forecasting. These watchful electronic eyes warn us of dangerous storms. Continuous global monitoring provides a vast amount of useful data and contributes to a better understanding of Earth's complex weather systems.
From their unique vantage points, satellites can survey Earth's oceans, land use and resources, and monitor the planet's health. These eyes in space have saved countless lives, provided tremendous conveniences and shown us that we may be altering our planet in dangerous ways.

THE MOON

The Moon is Earth's single natural satellite. The first human footsteps on an alien world were made by American astronauts on the dusty surface of our airless, lifeless companion. In preparation for the human-crewed Apollo expeditions, NASA dispatched the automated Ranger, Surveyor and Lunar Orbiter spacecraft to study the Moon between 1964 and 1968.
NASA's Apollo program left a large legacy of lunar materials and data. Six two-astronaut crews landed on and explored the lunar surface between 1969 and 1972, carrying back a collection of rocks and soil weighing a total of 382 kilograms (842 pounds) and consisting of more than 2,000 separate samples.
From this material and other studies, scientists have constructed a history of the Moon that includes its infancy. Rocks collected from the lunar highlands date to about 4.0-4.3 billion years old. The first few million years of the Moon's existence were so violent that few traces of this period remain. As a molten outer layer gradually cooled and solidified into different kinds of rock, the Moon was bombarded by huge asteroids and smaller objects. Some of the asteroids were as large as Rhode Island or Delaware, and their collisions with the Moon created basins hundreds of kilometers across.
This catastrophic bombardment tapered off approximately four billion years ago, leaving the lunar highlands covered with huge, overlapping craters and a deep layer of shattered and broken rock. Heat produced by the decay of radioactive elements began to melt the interior of the Moon at depths of about 200 kilometers (125 miles) below the surface. Then, for the next 700 million years -- from about 3.8 to 3.1 billion years ago -- lava rose from inside the Moon. The lava gradually spread out over the surface, flooding the large impact basins to form the dark areas that Galileo Galilei, an astronomer of the Italian Renaissance, called maria, meaning seas.
As far as we can tell, there has been no significant volcanic activity on the Moon for more than three billion years. Since then, the lunar surface has been altered only by micrometeorites, by the atomic particles from the Sun and stars, by the rare impacts of large meteorites and by spacecraft and astronauts. If our astronauts had landed on the Moon a billion years ago, they would have seen a landscape very similar to the one today. Thousands of years from now, the footsteps left by the Apollo crews will remain sharp and clear.
The origin of the Moon is still a mystery. Four theories attempt an explanation: the Moon formed near Earth as a separate body; it was torn from Earth; it formed somewhere else and was captured by our planet's gravity, or it was the result of a collision between Earth and an asteroid about the size of Mars. The last theory has some good support but is far from certain.

http://library.thinkquest.org/J002809/main.html

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3974466981713172831

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_WEL117xXpw

http://jumk.de/astronomie/astronomy.shtml

Body Language

Body language

Body language is an unspoken communication which uses body movements. Between 60-80% of our message is communication through our body language, only 20-40% is communicated through actual words of a conversation.

Therefore, body language is important. You may want to know what you are saying and how to understand other people too.

To be effective in your communication, you have to follow these five tips on how to use your body:

(1) Eye contact is the most important part of dealing with other, especially with people we've just met. Good eye contact shows respect and interest in what they're saying. To get more clues from people's faces, notice their eyes. Friendliness and interest are showed when person's eyes meet your eyes, especially when you're the one who is talking. A person who doesn’t look away is showing a challenge. However, the person who doesn’t look at you is showing lack of interest or is shy.

(2) Mouth Movements mean a lot. We purse our lips and sometimes twist them to the side when we are thinking. A smile is another example for mouth movement that shows friendliness." Some people smile just to be polite, some to show that they're happy and some smile to criticize someone".

(3) Hand Gestures can mean a person is interested in the conversation. But repeating movements like tapping a pencil or tapping a foot often mean that the person is either impatient or nervous.

(4) Head Position is a great tip to use your body. When you want to feel sure about your ability to do things well or to be liked by people, keep your head level both horizontally and vertically. When you want to be friendly in a conversation or listening, make one side of your head higher than the other side. You can change this situation from left to right at different points in the conversation.

(5) Posture is the way that you sit or stand. If your posture is slump and your head is down, this means that you are maybe sad! However if your posture is straight but relaxed, you are expressing friendliness and happiness.

Another Information

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_Language_)

http://bodylanguage.org/
http://www.bodylanguagetalks.com/

Car accident

Car Accident

Introduction
In this project, you will read many information about the car accident and I wrote some causes and side effects for this problems. I have written this topic for the reader who does not know any thing about the car accident. I collected all the photo only to help you to understand what I'm saying in the project. I'm interested that each reader will understand every thing in this project which is about the car accidents.
One of the most important problems in all countries of world is car accidents. The Car accidents can damage one or more autos, or people. .It causes thousands of deaths and hundreds of thousands of disabilities each year. Worldwide, car accidents kill more than one million people each year. There are many causes of the car accidents and these causes have a lot of side effects for people.


Causes

At the first, I will show the causes of this problem. The most important cause is the speed. The cars are transport devices from place to others. So, the people should use good style while driving the cars and don't drive the cars fast to prevent the roads accidents.

The second cause is the neglect during driving the car. The drivers should be concentrate in driving the car and see the road and every things in front of them .

Then there is major reason for car accidents that is drunk while driving. At the same time, however the car accidents alcohol related death rate of middle age people is still on a rise. A person who drunk and continues to present major threat to the safety of all road user.
About one third of death mong people between the ages of 15 to 24 are the results of motor vehicle related crashes.
However the drivers should not drink because the drinking makes them less concentrate in the driving. So, the drivers will do accidents and cause problem of other people in the road even they drive cars or use the road.

Other cause is the distance between the cars , there must be enough distance between one car and other to prevent accident in any sudden stopping.

Sometimes, the car accidents may happen because of weather. When the weather is bad that cause problems in the road, for example, in the rains happen a lot of collision between the cars and also the strong winds can cause difficulty in car driving.

Also, there is another cause, which is not taking care of traffic jams. Some drivers don't care about the rules of driving of cars and in the use of road. Also, the animal which loose in the road can cause big problems of car drivers.


The effects
Therefore, these problem has a lot of bad effects. The most important effect is the death. The death is very bad result of car accidents. That can make the children orphan especially from the fathers and makes the families are very sad. Also, the accidents can cause the death of the children when they are play in the road or while crossing the road . Then, the accidents cause a lot of disabilities for people in their life.

They will be disabled to move from place to other and they can't live easily life with others. They live bad and difficult life. Another effect is there will be many injuries in their society with different cases may be in the head, legs or hands.

Solutions
Also, I will talk about several solutions of this problem that can help to lessen a car accidents .

First, the people should take care while driving the cars and keep convenient speed .


Second, all driver should be have driver's license and take care of traffic rules .


Recommendations

There are several way to prevent car accident:
· Be careful when you drive cars.
· Don't drive too fast.
· Try not to use G.S.M when you drive.
· Don't overtake when the road has traffic.
· Try not to speak with driver when he drives
· Don't drive when you drink alcohol.
· Don't drive when you feel tired or sleepy.

http://www.smartmotorist.com/traffic-and-safety-guideline/what-causes-car-accidents.html

http://ezinearticles.com/?Top-Causes-of-Car-Accidents&id=302163

http://www.car-accident-claim.com/car-accident/car-accident.htm

http://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/2959.html

Camel

Camels

The Uses of Camels:
Millions of people in Africa and Asia depend on camels for all their needs. Apart from tourism, there are other products produced by camels, such as milk, wool, meat and hides for tanning for leather.
History of camel:
Fossil evidence indicates that the ancestors of modern camels evolved in North America during the Palaeogene period, and later spread to Asia. Humans first domesticated camels before 2000 BC. The dromedary and the Bactrian camel are both still used for milk, meat, and as beasts of burden—the dromedary in western Asia, and the Bactrian camel further to the north and east in central Asia.
Others say that Camels originated in North America about four million years ago (40,000,000) and about a million (1,000,000) years ago, they had spread across to South America, Africa and Asia. Belonging to the family of camelidae (artiodactyla order), there are only two species, camelus dromedarius (dromedary-one humped) and the camelus bactrianus (bactrian-two humped) which have survived.

The physical features of camel:
They are tall, funny to look at and smell. They tag along and do their own thing where food and water are concerned. They sport a personality, are cute and you might get a sloppy lick in return for a little petting. Their rolling gait and the ability to carry weight has given them the nickname the ‘Ship of the Desert’.
You will either love them or hate them. But the Arabs call them Ata Allah, which
means 'god’s gift’ for their good temperament, patience and intelligence, contrary to what people think of them. The average life expectancy of a camel is forty to fifty years. A fully grown adult camel stands 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) at the shoulder and 2.15 m (7 ft 1 in) at the hump. The hump rises about thirty inches (75 cm) out of its body. Camels can run up to 65 km/h (40 mph) in short bursts and sustain speeds of up to 40 km/h (25 mph).
The dromedary (road in Greek) camel has always been used as a saddle animal, that can cover more than 100 miles a day. They can be found in arid regions from north-western India to the Arabian Peninsula, Somalia and across African deserts and are better known as Arabian camels. Herodotus’s book – Histories has referred to this particular camel. The bactrian are found all over the highlands of Central Asia, from Turkey to Mongolia. In comparison to the Arabian camels, these are able to maintain a steady pace for a longer time, normally averaging 50 km per day while carrying a heavy load.
Camels in India are mostly of the dromedary type. India is listed among the top ten camel countries with 1,520,000 camels. They have a long-curved neck, a deep chest and a single hump; hair is long, falling on the shoulder and hump and they vary in size according to the nutrition intake. Their approximate lifespan is 50 years and wherever you find them, they will be in a group of two to 20. Close to their human owners, they provide these desert dwellers with milk, meat, leather, hair and fuel (dried manure). A few double-humped camels can be found in the valley of Jammu and Kashmir.
Major Indian breeds are called bikaneri, which has draft capability, jaisalmeri a racing camel and the kachchhi, which is usually bred for milk. Bikaneri is the most popular and widely-used camel breed in India. Found in the Bikaner district, they are built heavily and have a larger body frame compared to others. Jaisalmeri camels are lightly built and medium sized. The kachchhi have a strong body and long thick neck. Marwari, mewari, bagri and mewati are some other breeds found in India.
The Thar Desert stretches infinitely into the horizon and is as harsh as it is beautiful. You may see the footprints of camel or hear the sound of the camel driver’s cry, for this is the transport here, the ship of the desert.

by: Mohammed AL-abri


SOME CAMEL FACTS:
* Camels were important even 7,000-years ago and this can be seen in an old painting found in the UAE. * Camels do not pant and perspire very little. Their body has a unique thermostat that raises their body temperature by six degrees and conserves body fluid. Their body temperature is less than the air temperature around, so they conserve body heat by pressing against each other.* They come in colours varying from brown to almost black.* Their ears are small, but have acute hearing and are fur lined to stop dust and sand from entering into their ears.* Their eyes are large with a doe-like expression and are protected by a double row of long curly eyelashes that keep out dust and thick eyebrows shield the eyes from the desert sun.* Their flat and leathery pads have two toes. While walking the pads spread and prevent their feet from sinking. They walk by moving both legs on one side, simultaneously hence the rolling motion gait. * They can carry a weight of 450 kg and can work 6 to 8 months in a year and need to take rest of the year off.* The gestation period before birth is 13 months and the newborn camels walk immediately on birth.* Camel hair is most sought-after for coats, garments and artists' brushes. They shed around 2.5 kg of hair every spring. Average height is six feet at the shoulder and seven at the hump.* A camel gulps its food without chewing and later regurgitates it in cud form. They can drink 100 litres of water in ten minutes and store it in the bloodstream. However, they need very little water, as camels get the required moisture from the rich pasture they eat. They weigh around 700kg and can run at speeds of 20kph at a gallop. * The hump does not store water but it is fatty tissue. From here, the camel draws its energy. The hump shrinks and hangs to the side on excess usage, which after a rest and good food returns to its normal position.* Their bones are replacing Ivory.


http://camelfarm.com/camels/camels_uses.html
http://camelfarm.com/camels/camels_people.html
http://camelfarm.com/camels/camels_history.html
http://camelfarm.com/camel_information.html